Urachus forms from allantois in embryo, connecting bladder to navel. Fibrous remnant lies in space of Retzius between fascia and peritoneum. At birth, urachus develops into median umbilical ligament. Part of urogenital sinus forms trigone and part of prostatic urethra
The bladder stores urine from kidneys and sits on the pelvic floor. The typical adult bladder holds 300-500 ml before emptying. The bladder has three openings: two ureters and one urethra. The wall contains rugae that allow for expansion. The detrusor muscle contracts during urination and relaxes during filling
Transitional epithelium is a stretchable stratified epithelium lining urinary system. Cells change shape from cuboidal to squamous when stretched. Contains three cell layers: basal, intermediate, and superficial. Forms impermeable barrier between lumen and bloodstream. Cells are covered in microvilli and fibrillar mucous coat
Urethra is a 4-5cm long hollow tube connecting bladder to urinary meatus. Urethral opening is located between labia minora in vestibule area. Urethra is shorter than male urethra, increasing infection risk
Chronic condition causing bladder pressure and pain. Part of painful bladder syndrome spectrum affecting women more. Causes frequent urination up to 60 times daily. Symptoms include pelvic pain, urgency, and discomfort during urination. No infection present, but symptoms may worsen with UTIs
LUTS affects both men and women, with over 50% of men over 50 experiencing it. In men, it's primarily caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. In women, it's commonly linked to urinary tract infections. Lifestyle factors like late night fluid intake can exacerbate symptoms