Chain of custody documents evidence's sequence of custody, control, transfer, and disposition. Essential in criminal cases, civil litigation, and supply chain management. Helps establish evidence's authenticity rather than tampering
Beyond reasonable doubt is a higher standard for criminal convictions. Prosecution must prove guilt beyond doubt to get conviction. Standard originated from Blackstone's ratio: "better that ten guilty escape than one innocent suffer"
A written criminal charge issued by a grand jury. The process of obtaining such charges. Any formal accusation of crime. In Scotland, a charge brought by the Lord Advocate
Prima facie case means "case at first sight" in Latin. Party presents evidence supporting verdict without opposing party's rebuttal. Successful presentation doesn't guarantee victory