Worldwide prevalence is 7.5-8.5% in women and 2.8-4.4% in men. More common in type 1 diabetes and neck irradiation patients. Prevalence increases with age, reaching 20% in women over 60. More prevalent in areas with iodine sufficiency
Pale skin appears lighter due to decreased blood flow or melanin. Generalized pallor affects entire skin, localized affects specific areas. Types include albinism, vitiligo, hypopigmentation, and aging
Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder causing hypothyroidism. Annual incidence is 0.3-1.5 cases per 1000 people worldwide. Immune system attacks thyroid gland, leading to hormone production failure
Treats hypothyroidism in adults and children. Used with surgery and radioactive iodine therapy for thyroid cancer. Injection form treats myxedema coma in adults. Replaces natural thyroid hormone production
Normal TSH levels range from 0.4 to 4.5 mU/L. TSH levels vary by age, sex, and other factors. Some experts suggest upper limit should be around 2.5 mU/L
Anemia can cause coldness due to insufficient red blood cells. Hypothyroidism affects metabolism and can lead to coldness. Blood vessel disorders restrict blood flow to extremities. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause constant coldness. Women are more prone to coldness due to slower metabolism