Crowding out occurs when government involvement affects market economy's supply or demand. Idea has been discussed since 18th century. Modern global capital markets challenge simple crowding out model
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Fed aims to maintain 2% inflation and full employment without causing recession. Fed raised rates between March 2022 and July 2023 to combat inflation. Inflation dropped from 6.6% to 3.3% by November 2024. Fed cut rates to 4.75-5.00% range in September 2024
Nominal rate is the interest rate before inflation is considered. Federal Reserve's federal funds rate serves as short-term nominal rate. Central banks set nominal rates to stimulate economic activity. Nominal rates tend to be high during inflationary periods
Basis points (bps) measure percentage changes in financial instruments. One basis point equals 0.01% or 0.0001 in decimal form. One hundred basis points equals 1%
REITs are companies that own and manage income-producing real estate. Created in 1960 to make real estate investing accessible to smaller investors. REITs own over $4 trillion in commercial real estate as of 2024