Before Maxwell, electric and magnetic phenomena were explained by action at a distance. Faraday developed the idea of lines of force around charges and currents. Maxwell published four equations in 1864 expressing local electromagnetic field relations
Conductivity is the ability of materials to pass electricity through them. Materials with free electrons are called conductors. Materials with less electron mobility are insulators
Electricity is the flow of electric charge, which can be positive or negative. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with electrons acting as charge carriers. Electrons can flow through materials like copper, silver, and gold
Electric potential is work done per unit charge to move charge from infinity. SI unit is Voltage (Volt). Electric potential is a scalar quantity. Electric potential at point (Vx) is independent of charge's path
Electric and magnetic fields are governed by Lorentz force equations. Materials exhibit conduction, polarization, and magnetization under external fields. Conductivity relates to electric field intensity in conductors. Permittivity describes dielectric properties in materials. Magnetization describes magnetic properties in materials
Electric field exerts force on charges, attracting or repelling them. Every charge generates its own electric field. Atoms consist of nucleus (positive) and electrons (negative)