Term originated from Darwin's evolutionary theory describing natural selection. Fitness in biology refers to reproductive success. Spencer first used it in 1864 Principles of Biology
Darwin's Origin of Species was published in 1859, establishing evolutionary biology. The book introduced natural selection as the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's theory was initially controversial due to religious and theological concerns. The book attracted widespread interest and generated scientific debate
Herd is a social group of animals of same species, wild or domestic. Most commonly refers to grazing ungulates, birds use flocking. Control animals often imitate herd behavior but aren't necessarily leaders
Darwin's book was published in 1871, applying evolutionary theory to human evolution. Darwin sent chapters to his daughter Henrietta for editing and wife Emma for advice. The book was illustrated by T.W. Wood and priced at £14 shillings. Within three weeks, 4,500 copies were in print, earning Darwin almost £1,500
Evolution is the change in heritable characteristics of populations over generations. Darwin and Wallace independently proposed evolution theory in mid-19th century. All life on Earth shares last universal common ancestor (LUCA) 3.5-3.8 billion years ago
Adaptation is the evolutionary process that fits organisms to their environment. Ancient philosophers like Empedocles and Aristotle recognized adaptation. Darwin and Wallace proposed natural selection as the mechanism for adaptation