Nationalism emerged as a modern ideology in late 18th century. American and French revolutions marked its first powerful manifestations. Spread from Latin America to central Europe in early 19th century. By early 20th century, nationalism flourished in Asia and Africa
Western Europe experienced a period of social and economic changes. Feudalism weakened and bourgeoisie sought political power. Population doubled between 1715 and 1800, creating food demand. Economic crises from 1770 led to frequent revolts. Enlightenment ideas spread through societies of thought
American Revolutionary War began with Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19. Second Continental Congress established Continental Army under George Washington. King George III declared American colonies in rebellion on August 23. Independence Hurricane killed 4,173 people on North American east coast
Drafted by Lafayette with Jefferson's help, finalized by Sieyès and Mirabeau. Inspired by Enlightenment philosophers and US Declaration of Independence. Published on August 26, 1789, as first step toward French constitution
Revolution is a rapid fundamental transformation of society's structures. Goldstone defines revolutions as regime change through mass mobilization. Revolutions can be violent or peaceful, starting from peasant or urban areas. Revolutions trigger counter-revolutions to halt their course
Series of revolutions occurred from 1848 to 1849 across Europe. Started in Italy in January 1848, affecting over 50 countries. Initially democratic and liberal, aimed at removing monarchical structures