Equilibrium constant (k) describes relationship between products and reactants at equilibrium. Kp and Kc are equilibrium constants for ideal gas mixtures under reversible reactions. At constant temperature, kf/kb = k remains constant
Kc is the equilibrium constant describing product/reactant concentration ratio. Formula: Kc = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b. Requires balanced chemical equation and concentration units
Dissociation constant measures propensity of larger objects to separate into smaller components. KD is inverse of association constant and can be called ionization constant for salts. KD equals concentration of free A at half of B molecules associated with A
Van 't Hoff equation relates equilibrium constant change to temperature change. Equation was proposed by van 't Hoff in 1884 for chemical reactions. Equation is exact at any temperature and pressure. Standard pressure defines reference state for equation
Water molecules dissociate into hydroxide (OH-) and hydronium (H3O+) ions. Hydrogen nucleus immediately protonates another water molecule. Process was first proposed by Arrhenius in 1884
Homogeneous reactions involve same states of matter, like CO + H2 → CH3OH. Heterogeneous reactions have different states, like PbI2 → Pb²⁺ + 2I⁻