Transverse waves move particles perpendicular to wave propagation direction. Examples include ripples of water, string plucking, and electromagnetic waves. Sound waves are transverse waves that reflect back and forth
Fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform. In music, it's the lowest partial present in a note. Fundamental frequency is often abbreviated as f0 or f1
Solitons are stable, localized wave packets that maintain their shape and velocity. First described by John Scott Russell in 1834 as "Wave of Translation". Term "soliton" coined by Zabusky and Kruskal for Korteweg-de Vries equation solutions
Longitudinal waves vibrate parallel to wave direction and produce compression. Examples include sound waves and seismic P waves. Some authors use "L-waves" and "T-waves" for convenience
Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to wave's advance direction. Electromagnetic waves are transverse without requiring medium. String waves and drum membrane oscillations are common examples. Light is a transverse wave with electric and magnetic fields
Amplitude measures change in a single period of a variable. Non-periodic signals' amplitude is magnitude compared to reference. Phase of periodic functions is sometimes called amplitude