Republic is a government where power is held by elected representatives. Term "republic" comes from Latin "res public" meaning public affairs. Term evolved from non-authoritarian states to governments with periodic elections
Both systems empower citizens through elected representatives. Democracy means "rule by the people," while republic means "public thing". Citizens elect officials to represent and protect their interests
Modern humans inhabited Turkey since late Paleolithic period. Anatolia contains world's oldest Neolithic sites, including Göbekli Tepe. Hittite kingdom coexisted with Palaians and Luwians between 1700-1200 BC. Phrygia established around 750 BC, later replaced by Lycians and Carians
Since 1948, there have been 12 Italian presidents. No woman has ever held the office. Three presidents came from Campania, three from Piedmont
The term "republica" derives from the Latin phrase meaning "public affair". Aristotle first defined "politeia" as a mixture of oligarchy and democracy. Ancient Greek and Roman republics influenced modern republican thought
First people arrived in Americas around 15,000 BC. Indigenous societies faced European colonization and diseases. Spanish explorers reached present-day US by 15th century. Dutch established New Netherland in 1621 for fur trade