Refinitiv provides comprehensive ESG data covering over 80% of global market cap. Database contains over 630 ESG metrics since 2002. Scores available for 12,000+ companies globally
ESG metrics measure environmental, social, and governance aspects of business. Companies face growing pressure to address climate change and resource depletion. Metrics provide roadmap for sustainable performance and guide business decisions
Research focuses on environmental quality, energy consumption and economic growth. Specializes in Nigeria, South Africa, BRICS countries and emerging markets. Published in prestigious journals like MPRA and Elsevier
Sustainability metrics quantify environmental, social and economic aspects using numbers. No universal standard exists for measuring sustainability. Various disciplines and organizations offer different measurement approaches
Reclaimed water is treated wastewater used for various purposes. Main applications include irrigation, industrial processes, and domestic uses. Global treated wastewater reuse is 40.7 billion m³ per year
Peri-urban agriculture occurs in areas surrounding urban hubs. Term varies based on urban-rural relationships and farming systems. Focuses on food security in developing countries, ecological values in industrialized ones