Membrane bioreactors combine membrane filtration with activated sludge treatment. Two main configurations: submerged (membrane inside reactor) and side stream (outside reactor). Polymeric membranes, especially PVDF, are most commonly used materials
Clay is a fine-grained natural soil containing clay minerals. Pure clay minerals are white, natural clays show impurities. Clay minerals form through chemical weathering of silicate-bearing rocks. Clay particles are smaller than 2 μm in size
Husk is the outer shell or coating of seeds, fruits, or vegetables. Term dates to c.14, derived from Middle Dutch 'huusken' meaning 'little house'. Grains have husks protecting edible bran, germ, and endosperm
WtE converts waste materials into electricity or heat through various processes. Incineration is most common method, reducing waste volume by 95-96%. Gasification and pyrolysis produce syngas from organic materials. Anaerobic digestion converts waste into biogas
FeCl2 is a paramagnetic solid with high melting point. Forms greenish tetrahydrate and dihydrate forms. Highly soluble in water, giving pale green solutions
Carbon capture traps CO2 produced by power plants before release. Captured CO2 can be recycled or stored underground. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) finds productive uses