Retractor separates surgical incision edges and holds tissues during operations. Simple steel tools with curved blades are manually manipulated. More sophisticated retractors can be clamped or robotic. Self-retaining retractors have multiple blades separated by spring or ratchet
HTO was first described in 1958 for knee arthritis treatment. Initially used in France before English literature. Now widely used for knee compartment disease management
TEP is a minimally invasive approach for inguinal hernia repair. TEP avoids abdominal entry and peritoneal closure problems. Technique shows decreased complications and faster recovery compared to open approach
Deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) supplies iliac crest with 1.5-2.0mm diameter. Ascending branch originates 1cm medial to ASIS in 65% of cases. External oblique runs inferiomedially, internal oblique superiomedially
Indicated for pertrochanteric, intertrochanteric and high subtrochanteric fractures. Available in 125°/130°/135° CCD angles. Contains 6.5mm hip pin, 11.0mm femoral neck screw and 4.9mm locking bolt. Total length is 240mm in titanium alloy or stainless steel
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