Miter elbow is a fabricated fitting used to change pipeline direction. More weld joints weaken components, fewer joints increase pressure drop. Single miter bend is rarely used due to safety concerns
Heat exchangers transfer energy between fluids for cooling or heating. Shell and tube exchangers have tubes inside a shell with fluid flow sides. Baffles on shell side improve turbulence and heat transfer
Isolation joints prevent electrical bridging between pipeline sections. Monolithic isolation joints are single-piece blocks for cathodic protection. MIJs are installed aboveground after aboveground-belowground transition
Fouling factor quantifies resistance to heat transfer caused by deposits. Higher fouling factor indicates greater impact on heat transfer performance. Helps evaluate performance degradation and identify maintenance needs. Influences energy consumption and equipment sizing decisions
Pipelining executes multiple instructions simultaneously in parallel stages. Processor breaks instructions into stages that can overlap. Example: water bottle packaging process with three stages
Buffer tank stores excess heat/cooling energy in HVAC systems. Acts as buffer between heat source and distribution system. Helps maintain steady supply of heated/cooled water