Adrenal gland measurements include length and width in sagittal plane. Appendix size varies by age, commonly enlarged in cystic fibrosis. Bladder volume calculated using ellipsoid formula with specific measurements. Bowel wall thickness evaluated in transverse sections. Common bile duct diameter should be ≤ 3.3 mm
Cystic renal mass is defined as having <25% enhancing tissue. New classification aims to reduce interobserver variability and improve malignancy prediction. Terms like 'complicated cyst' should be avoided
Calculator estimates GFR based on serum creatinine, age, race, and gender. Available for both adults and children aged 18 and younger
Urinary system consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Kidneys filter blood and produce urine through nephrons. Normal daily urine production ranges from 800-2,000 mL. System regulates blood volume, pressure, and pH
CT is highly sensitive for diagnosing abdominal diseases and cancer. Used for acute abdominal pain, especially lower quadrants. First-line for detecting solid organ injury after trauma. MDCT provides clear delineation of abdominal structures
Renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. Contains 10-18 cone-shaped renal pyramids. Pyramids form striped appearance from parallel nephron segments. Pyramids' apex (papilla) points inward towards pelvis