Prime minister chairs Cabinet and serves as commander-in-chief of Self-Defense Forces. Appointed by emperor after nomination by National Diet. Must be Japanese citizen, minimum age 25, and member of either Diet house. Current prime minister is Shigeru Ishiba since October 2024
Prime minister leads government with majority support from House of Commons. Appointed by governor general on monarch's behalf. Position exists through constitutional conventions, not written constitution. Prime ministers serve at monarch's pleasure, no fixed term
Prime minister is head of government and advises monarch on royal prerogatives. Position exists by convention, not statute, appointed by monarch. Modern prime ministers lead largest party in Commons and command confidence. Current prime minister is Keir Starmer since July 2024
Office originated in Holy Roman Empire (900-1806) with Mainz archbishops as chancellors. Modern chancellor position established in 1867 with Otto von Bismarck as Bundeskanzler. Title changed to Reichskanzler in 1871 after German Empire's unification. Office revived in 1949 under Federal Republic of Germany constitution
Japan operates as a dominant-party bicameral parliamentary representative democracy. Emperor Naruhito serves as head of state, Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba since 2024. National Diet consists of House of Representatives and House of Councillors. Constitution of 1947 established democratic institutions and expanded women's suffrage
Prime minister leads cabinet and executive branch in parliamentary or semi-presidential systems. Not head of state but chief of executive under monarch or president. Most powerful politician in parliamentary systems, commands legislature's confidence