Anders Celsius introduced Celsius temperature scale in 1744. Daniel Fahrenheit created first accurate thermometer in 1736. Michael Faraday discovered electricity and magnetism in 1831. Pierre Curie discovered radioactivity in 1898. Marie Curie won Nobel Prize in 1903 for radioactivity
Metric units are globally used, with US customary units in the US. SI base unit is meter, defined as light's path in vacuum. Metric system includes SI and non-SI units
BEC forms when bosons are cooled near absolute zero. Einstein predicted BEC in 1924-1925 based on Bose's quantum statistics. Condensation occurs when particles occupy lowest accessible quantum state
Hund's rules determine ground state of multi-electron atoms. Rules were formulated by Friedrich Hund around 1925. Only outer valence electrons are considered in energy level ordering
Carbon-12 is the most abundant stable carbon isotope, comprising 98.93% of Earth's carbon. Contains 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Created through triple-alpha process in stars
Metastability refers to intermediate energetic states in dynamical systems. A ball resting on a slope demonstrates metastability through settling or rolling. Higher energy isomers are long-lived due to potential energy barriers