RTA occurs when kidneys fail to remove acids from blood properly. Three main types: distal (type 1), proximal (type 2), and hyperkalemic (type 4). Disease is rare and often misdiagnosed
pH measures hydrogen ion concentration in solutions, ranging from 0 to 14. pH below 7 indicates acidity, pH 7 is neutral, pH above 7 indicates basicity. pH + pOH = 14 at 25°C
pH scale ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14 (alkaline). Neutral pH is 7, acidic pH is 0, basic pH is 14. pH affects cleaning effectiveness by removing different stains
pH measures hydrogen ion concentration logarithmically. Pure water has pH of 7, neutral. pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. One pH unit change represents tenfold difference in H+ concentration
Renal physiology studies kidney's functions including acid-base balance and fluid regulation. Nephrons are smallest functional units of kidney, filtering blood through glomerulus. Kidneys produce hormones like erythropoietin and activate vitamin D
Equation determines pH of buffer solutions during weak acid dissociation. Weak acids partially dissociate in water. Buffer solutions resist pH changes with small acid additions