Badlands are dry terrain with extensively eroded sedimentary rocks and clay soils. Characterized by steep slopes, minimal vegetation, and high drainage density. Formed by combination of impermeable ground surface and infrequent heavy rainfall. Drainage density ranges from 48 to 464 kilometers per square kilometre
Pin on disk test characterizes friction and wear of materials. Test is simple and widely applicable to various tribological contacts. ASTM G99, G133 and F732 standards govern the test
Fretting is low-amplitude oscillating sliding between stationary bodies. Sliding amplitude ranges from tens of millimeters to nanometers. Fretting combines abrasive and adhesive wear with debris formation. No macroscopic sliding occurs, only microslip at contact periphery
Positive displacement pumps move fluids by repeatedly enclosing fixed volumes. Reciprocating pumps use back-and-forth motion of pistons, plungers or diaphragms. Rotary pumps use rotating cogs or gears to transfer fluids