Review examined 135 randomized controlled trials on cupping therapy from 1992 to 2010. Most studies were of low risk of bias according to Cochrane criteria. Wet cupping was most commonly used, followed by retained and moving cupping
CST uses gentle touch to detect non-existent rhythmic skull bone movements. Developed by John Upledger as an offshoot of cranial osteopathy. Based on Sutherland's 1930s discovery of skull suture flexibility
Reflexology involves applying pressure to specific points on feet, ears, and hands. Similar practices existed in India, China, and Egypt historically. Introduced to US in 1913 by Fitzgerald and Bowers. Modified by Ingham in 1930s-1940s, mapping body into reflexes on feet
Reiki originated in Japan with Mikao Usui, who taught over 2,000 people. Practitioners transfer universal energy through palms to clients. Based on qi, a universal life force, which lacks empirical evidence
Color therapy dates back to ancient Egyptians using colored glasses. It's considered pseudoscience by Western medical experts. Originates from Indian ayurvedic medicine's chakra balancing claims
Traditional Chinese medicine practice based on qi energy flow. Thin needles inserted into specific body points to balance energy. Research results are mixed, some show effectiveness, others placebo-like