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Thoracic Vertebrae Structure and Characteristics

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General Features: Thoracic vertebrae form middle segment of vertebral column between cervical and lumbar regions
Human thoracic vertebrae numbered T1-T12, with T1 closest to skull
Vertebral bodies are heart-shaped, becoming larger towards lumbar region
Have facets for rib head articulation on sides and rib tubercle facets on transverse processes
Vertebral Structure: Pedicles directed backward and upward, with deep inferior vertebral notches
Laminae are broad, thick, and imbricated, protecting spinal cord
Spinous processes long, triangular, directed downward
Transverse processes thick, strong, with rib tubercle facets
Individual Vertebrae: First vertebra (T1) has facets for first and second ribs
T10-T12 vertebrae have varying degrees of facet presence
T5-T8 vertebrae at sternal angle level
T12 vertebrae have unique transverse process tubercles
Variation in Other Animals: Marsupials have 13 thoracic vertebrae
Koalas have only 11 thoracic vertebrae
Mammals typically have 12-15 thoracic vertebrae
Some mammals have 18-20 thoracic vertebrae
Extremes include sloths with 25 and cetaceans with 9