Soft power is the ability to co-opt rather than coerce in international politics. Joseph Nye popularized the concept in 1990 and 2004 books. Soft power relies on culture, political values, and foreign policies
Power can be defined through material (economic/military) or social (structuring) aspects. Power is both an actor's attribute and a social process. Power can be measured quantitatively using various indicators
Cultural diplomacy builds on understanding and respect between nations. Art, language, and education are key entry points into culture. Cultural diplomacy operates on soft power side of diplomacy spectrum. Effective cultural diplomacy requires mutual understanding and listening
Turkey's soft power comes from history, culture and geography. Turkey's democratic experience and civil society are key pillars. Turkey's soft power extends from Balkans to Central Asia. Turkey's Ottoman heritage brings together diverse ethnic groups
Concept of hegemony gained theoretical significance with Gramsci's Prison Notebooks. US hegemony remains debated between scholars, with some claiming it's declining. Traditional IR theories focus on power, ignoring hegemon's direct control
US power has declined significantly since WWII, with global product share decreasing from 33% to 26%. Japan has risen as a trading state, while Soviet power is declining. US maintains broader range of power resources than other major powers