ALU performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers. Basic ALU has three parallel data buses: A, B, and Y. Opcode input specifies desired operation, typically four bits. Status outputs convey information about current operation
Induction heating uses strong magnetic field to heat conductive bodies. Works by inducing alternating current in ferrous materials. Basic principle discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831
Memory cell is the fundamental building block of computer memory. Stores one bit of binary information by setting to 1 and resetting to 0. Memory cells enable sequential circuits that depend on past inputs
Liquid metals are metals or alloys that are liquid at or near room temperature. Mercury is the only stable liquid elemental metal at room temperature. Gallium-based alloys are replacing mercury due to lower toxicity
TTL was invented by James L. Buie in 1961 as transistor-coupled transistor logic. First commercial TTL devices were manufactured by Sylvania in 1963. Texas Instruments introduced 7400 series in 1966, becoming industry standard. TTL became foundation of computers and digital electronics
HPC enables large-scale computations for complex problems. Systems consist of networks of processors with up to 100,000 cores. HPC systems use both CPUs and GPUs, with 2/3 being hybrid machines. Software stack includes user environment, middleware, and operating system