Commissioning ensures building systems perform according to design intent through documented verification. Process establishes Owner's Project Requirements criteria for system function and performance. Commissioning should begin during pre-design and continue through occupancy
ASCE/SEI 7 categorizes structures based on material, ductility, and earthquake resistance. Six main structural systems: bearing walls, braced frames, moment frames, dual systems, cantilever columns. Special and intermediate systems can be designed with reduced strength but rigorous detailing
Frame buildings use beams, racks and lintels for load-bearing. Technology offers freedom of planning and faster construction. Frame houses are lighter, requiring less foundation
Glazed facades focus on light and views. Systems can span multiple floors while addressing lateral loads. Systems resist air and water infiltration while maintaining context
Reinforced concrete combines concrete with steel reinforcement for improved properties. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. Reinforcement prevents crack propagation and ensures structural durability
Structural systems support and transmit loads safely to ground. Systems fall into low-rise, high-rise, and long-span categories. Long-span buildings include tension/compression and funicular systems