Social media increasingly plays constitutive role in organizing social movements. Research focuses on five main themes: communicative practices, roles, networks, constraints, and online spaces. Social movements have three features: conflict, dense networks, and collective identity development
Japanese immigrants began arriving in the US after the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The first generation (Issei) settled in Hawaii and the West Coast. The Gentlemen's Agreement in 1907 restricted immigration to businessmen and students. The Immigration Act of 1924 banned all Japanese immigration
Multiculturalism involves identity politics and recognition of marginalized groups. Claims include language, religion, ethnicity, nationality, and race. Cultural accommodations include exemptions, language support, and representation rights
Mapuche means "people of the earth" and lived in Southern Chile's fertile valleys. They resisted Spanish conquest through Arauco War for 300 years. Mapuche make up 4% of Chilean population, living in Southern Chile and Argentina. Machi is a spiritual healer who performs private healing ceremonies
Added to Emoji 4.0 in 2016 as Pride Flag emoji. Created by Gilbert Baker in 1978 for Harvey Milk. Original design had eight stripes representing different life aspects. Pink and indigo stripes were gradually removed over time
Feminism advocates for equal rights for women in social, economic, and political spheres. Mary Wollstonecraft's 1792 work laid foundation for modern feminism. First wave focused on suffrage, second wave expanded to reproductive rights. Third wave emphasized individuality and self-expression, fourth wave is most diverse