Heart transplant is performed for end-stage heart failure patients. Approximately 3,500 transplants performed worldwide annually. Brain death is current ethical standard for donor heart use. Average post-operative survival period is 15 years
Willow bark was used by ancient civilizations for various medicinal purposes. Salicylic acid was first isolated from willow bark in 1838. Bayer developed acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in 1899 under Carl Duisberg's leadership. Bayer marketed Aspirin directly to doctors, despite ethical drug standards
HIV infection leads to AIDS, causing immune system failure. Nearly 1 million people die annually from HIV/AIDS globally. Disease is particularly severe in Sub-Saharan Africa
Inoculation dates back over a thousand years, practiced in Africa, India and China. Chinese texts document earliest documented form of immunization around 11th century. Variolation involved blowing smallpox scabs up nostrils or wearing infected person's clothes
Ottoman Empire adopted Western medicine practices after discovering smallpox and rabies vaccines. First vaccine hospital Telkihhâne-i Şahane opened in 1895. Zoeros Pasha developed first rabies vaccine using Pasteur method in 1887
Variolation practices began around 200 BCE. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu introduced smallpox inoculation to Europe in 1721. Edward Jenner created first successful smallpox vaccine in 1796