Crypto bubbles occur when digital asset prices rise above intrinsic value. Early examples include Dutch Tulip Mania (1630s) and dot-com bubble (2000s)
Currency is any form of money in general circulation within a country. Foreign exchange is money denominated in another country's currency. Exchange rate is the market's conversion rate between currencies
Futures are contracts to buy or sell underlying assets at future dates. Contracts can be based on commodities, securities, or financial instruments. Stock futures are most common, organized by month
Speculation involves high-risk financial transactions with potential for significant gains. Investors focus on price fluctuations rather than long-term investing. Currency speculation aims to sell appreciated currency at higher rates
Call option gives buyer right to buy financial instrument at specified strike price. Options typically sold in lots of 100 shares. Buyer can exercise option anytime before expiration
Options are derivative contracts giving right to buy/sell asset at specified price. American-style options can be exercised anytime before expiration. European-style options can only be exercised on expiration date. Options require premium payment at contract entry