Social problems negatively affect society's structure and values. Must have social reasons, negative impacts, and solvable solutions. Can exist globally or within specific societies. Result from social inequality and its implications
Income distribution measures how GDP is distributed among a country's population. Classical economists focused on factor income distribution between land, labor and capital. Lorenz curve represents income distribution, with perfect equality shown by straight line
Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 population in a given period. Global average birth rate was 17 births per 1,000 in 2024. Birth rates between 10-20 are considered low, 40-50 are high
Radicalism is people's belief in revolutionary change through society's structure. Radicalism causes turmoil leading to state's downfall. Radicalism increases with poor pop treatment and unhappy laws
Subsidy is a government benefit that can be direct (cash) or indirect (tax breaks). Direct subsidies involve actual payments, while indirect subsidies provide price reductions. Government subsidies include welfare payments, student loan subsidies, and insurance coverage