COP is an annual UN climate meeting held by parties to the UNFCCC. This year's COP27 is in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. Countries report progress, set goals, and negotiate climate policies
Montreal Protocol (1987) established ozone layer protection as first global climate treaty. UNFCCC (1992) established annual COPs for climate discussions. Kyoto Protocol (2005) required developed countries to reduce emissions by 5%. Paris Agreement (2015) aims to limit global warming to 1.5-2°C
UN-sponsored agreement binding nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Finalized in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997 after 160 countries' negotiations. Required 55 ratifications from developed countries representing 55% of 1990 emissions. Entered force in 2005, with Australia later joining in 2007
Global CO2 concentration increased from 277 ppm in 1750 to 417.2 ppm in 2022. Total global emissions reached 41.1 GtCO2 in 2021, up 49% from 1990. Fossil CO2 emissions projected to increase 1.0% in 2022. Land-use change emissions remain high at 4.5 GtCO2 per year
Turkey's temperature has risen by over 1.5°C since 1970s. Annual per capita emissions since 2010s are about global average. Current greenhouse gas emissions are 1.3% of global total. Coal, cars and lorries emit over 33% of annual emissions
NDCs are countries' commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Paris Agreement aims to limit global temperature rise to 2°C. NDCs must be updated every five years and registered by UNFCCC. Countries can cooperate and pool their NDCs