Mesopotamia and Egypt used prayer and magic for disease treatment. Hittites introduced magic and herbal medicine in Anatolia. Chinese civilization developed Yin-Yang theory and acupuncture. Indian civilization emphasized observation and surgical procedures. Greek civilization established first medical school in Knidos
Silk Road connected East and West through trade routes from 3rd century BC. Caravanserais provided safe accommodation for merchants along trade routes. Seljuk sultans ordered construction of caravanserais in 12th-13th centuries. Caravanserais were strategically placed every 30-40 kilometers
Castle surrounded by 6 km walls on 10 hectares of peninsula. First mentioned as Coracesium by Scylax in 4th century BC. Became pirate haven in 2nd century BC despite small military presence. Hellenistic wall from Diototos Tryhon period (2nd century BC)