Rockets were invented by Chinese in 13th century for military purposes. First rocket launcher 'wasp nest' created by Ming dynasty in 1380. First space rocket launched by Germany in 1942. Sputnik 1 launched by Soviet Union in 1957
Trench warfare emerged during World War I (1914-1918). Field works existed since ancient times, including Roman legions and Persian Medina defense. Māori developed sophisticated trench systems in New Zealand Wars (1845-1872). Crimean War (1853-1856) saw massive trench works despite modernity
Rate of fire is the frequency of weapon projectile launch. Measured in rounds per minute (RPM) or second (RPS). Three types: cyclic, sustained, and rapid
Smokeless powder was invented in 1884 by Paul Vieille. Produces less smoke and fouling than black powder. Mainly consists of nitrocellulose, with combustion products being mainly gases. Classified as division 1.3 explosives under UN regulations
Stone ball cannons emerged in Western Europe during 14th-15th centuries. Iron balls and shot replaced stone balls in 16th century. Explosive shells revolutionized artillery in Industrial Age. World Wars culminated in steel colossi of super-sized caliber weapons
First appeared in China during 12th-13th centuries as fire lance evolution. Earliest known depiction from 1128 Dazu Rock Carvings. Wuwei Bronze Cannon (1214-1227) possibly oldest surviving 13th century cannon. Chinese cannons spread throughout Eurasia in 14th century