Extraterritoriality means being exempt from local law through diplomatic negotiations. Emerges from interaction of personal and territorial jurisdiction concepts. Initially applied to individuals, later extended to physical places
Military surrender means relinquishing control over territory or combatants. Term derives from Middle English "surrendre" meaning "to give back"
Established in 1946 as successor to Permanent Court of International Justice. Composed of 15 judges elected for nine-year terms by UN organs. Located in The Hague, Netherlands, with English and French as official languages. All UN members are automatically parties to the court's statute
International Humanitarian Law became fully codified in 1970s. First Geneva Convention for wounded soldiers signed in 1864. Outer Space Law evolved after Sputnik launch in Cold War. Outer Space Treaty established in 1967 as foundation
Vienna Conference in 1968-1969 codified international law through treaty law. Convention governs validity conditions of treaties, occupying highest international law position. Convention requires 35 ratifications for entry into force. Swiss delegation introduced customary law clause to fill gaps in treaty law
Court consists of 15 independent judges elected by UN General Assembly and Security Council. No two members from same state can be elected. Court seat established at The Hague, with permanent session except during vacations