Imperium was Roman citizens' authority to control military or governmental entities. Derived from Latin "imperare" meaning "to command". Initially meant absolute power, later limited by collegiality and citizen appeal
Born in Hispania, Maximus was a Roman citizen and general. Served under Emperor Marcus Aurelius during Germanic campaigns. Became Rome's greatest general during 2nd century AD. Gave famous speech: "What we do in life echoes in eternity!"
Triumphal arches were invented by Romans to commemorate military victories. First Roman triumphal arches were called fornices, built during Republic. Imperial period saw transition to arcus (arch) for honoring emperors. Most Roman triumphal arches were built during Imperial period
Roman legionaries were citizen soldiers recruited under age 45. Initially recruited from Italy, later expanded to provinces. No property requirements, provided state-provided equipment
Roman Empire expanded rapidly under Augustus after 27 BC. Germanic tribes operated with impunity despite Roman conquests. Augustus divided Gaul into provinces, focusing on Rhine valley
Consul was Rome's highest elected official from 509 BC to 27 BC. Two consuls served jointly for one-year terms alternating monthly. Initially called praetors, title changed to consul by 300 BC. Consuls could veto each other's actions and hold military imperium