L293D IC controls two DC motors or single stepper motor. IC handles voltages from 4.5V to 36V. Each channel delivers up to 1.2A peak output current
PWM represents signals as rectangular waves with varying duty cycle. Controls average power or amplitude by switching supply between 0-100%. Duty cycle indicates proportion of time signal is on, expressed as percentage
PWM controls pulse width by varying time in HIGH/LOW states. Arduino has 6 PWM pins: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11. AnalogWrite() function generates PWM signals with default frequencies
DC motors can be controlled using PWM for speed and H-Bridge for direction. PWM adjusts input voltage through ON-OFF pulses with varying duty cycles. H-Bridge reverses motor polarity by closing specific switches
L298N H-bridge module controls DC motors and stepper motors. Module works with 5-35V DC motors and 12V supply. Includes onboard 5V regulator for up to 12V power
Instructions for controlling DC motors exceeding microcontroller's maximum output. Uses Arduino Micro, 12V motor, power supply, NPN transistor and diode. Includes basic code for motor start/stop and speed control using PWM