Gravitational energy is potential energy due to massive object's position in field. It equals work done by gravitational force to bring mass from infinity. Gravitational potential energy increases with distance between objects. Near Earth's surface, gravitational field is approximately constant
Mechanical energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy. Energy is a scalar quantity measured in joules. Potential energy depends on position under conservative forces. Kinetic energy depends on speed and is calculated as half mass times square speed
Potential energy diagram shows mechanical energy versus height. Maximum potential energy and height are reached at maximum height. Maximum speed is ±√(2E/m) at ground level
The Newton's Cradle consists of balls mounted on strings to a common bar. The balls transfer energy when one hits the others. The further the balls are pulled back, the more potential energy they gain
Potential energy (PE) equals 1/2kx^2 through integration. Equation is derived from force integral over displacement x. Spring constant (k) represents stiffness of spring
Capacitor stores electrical charge between plates. Energy stored in capacitor is electrostatic potential energy. Capacitor stores energy by maintaining electric potential after charging