S&P500 10-year P/E ratio is 36.5, 79.2% above modern-era average. Current P/E is 2.0 standard deviations above average. Market is Strongly Overvalued according to current valuation
Market cap-to-GNI ratio (Buffett Indicator) measures stock market valuation. US current cap-to-GNI ratio is 195.00% as of July 2024. GNI includes all income from investments abroad, unlike GDP
NFT marketplaces enable buying, selling, and auctioning unique digital assets. Platforms require crypto wallets for transactions. NFTs offer strong ownership rights and immutability
Q ratio measures relationship between market valuation and intrinsic value. Calculated by dividing company market value by assets' replacement cost. Replacement value is cost of replacing existing asset based on current market price
No single model has satisfactorily answered stock market valuation puzzle. Six Nobel Prize winners developed equity market models. Researchers needed broader skills including finance, accounting, and economics