Capacitors connected side by side form parallel connections. Total capacitance equals sum of individual capacitances. Example: 10F + 22F + 47F = 79F
Series connection increases voltage by adding individual cell voltages. Parallel connection increases capacity by adding total ampere-hours. Battery packs can combine both series and parallel connections
Capacitors store energy and are passive circuit elements. Capacitance depends on area, spacing, and material permittivity. Capacitors have voltage limit and cannot handle abrupt voltage changes. Capacitors store energy and have memory properties. Capacitors are open circuits to DC
Three-phase transformer consists of three primary and three secondary windings. Primary windings can be connected in delta (polarity-to-non-polarity) or star (all ends together). Secondary windings can be connected in same or different ways. Same-direction connections maintain phase, different-direction connections cause 30-degree shift
BMS connections are classified into parallel and serial categories. Parallel connections increase capacity but not voltage output. Serial connections raise voltage but maintain same capacity. Combination of serial and parallel connections may be necessary
Pumps in series add their heads at same flow rate. Two identical pumps in series have twice the head of single pump. System operates at point 3 with both pumps running. For equal pumps, head equals half at point 3. Single stage pumps rarely used in series