Born Rodrigo de Borja in 1431 in Valencia, Spain. Studied law at Bologna University and became cardinal in 1456. Served as vice-chancellor of the Catholic Church for 35 years. Had five children with mistresses, including Cesare, Giovanni, Lucrezia, and Gioffre
Born in 1475-1476 as illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI. Studied law at Studium Urbis and became cardinal at age 18. Resigned from cardinalate in 1498 to pursue military career
Annuario Pontificio no longer identifies popes by regnal number. First popes' dates are disputed, first certain dates are 222-235. Hermannus Contractus may have been first to number popes continuously
Vatican City is Rome's smallest sovereign state governed by the Holy See. Located on ancient Vatican Hill, covering 44 hectares. Population of 825, with 246 residents within walls. Official language is Italian, with Latin used for Holy See