Separator is a permeable membrane between battery anode and cathode. Prevents short circuits and allows ionic charge carrier transport. Typically consists of polymeric membrane forming microporous layer. Must be chemically and electrochemically stable with electrolyte materials
Lithium-ion batteries store energy through reversible intercalation of Li+ ions into conducting solids. Commercial batteries offer higher energy density, efficiency, and longer life than other rechargeables. Over 30 years, energy density increased threefold while cost decreased tenfold
Watt hours (Wh) = milliamp hours (mAh) × voltage (V) ÷ 1,000. Amp hours (Ah) = milliamp hours (mAh) × voltage (V). Kilowatt hours (kWh) = milliamp hours × voltage ÷ 1,000,000
Battery charger stores energy by running current through electric batteries. Charging protocol depends on battery size and type. Some batteries tolerate overcharging, others can't withstand it
Mobile phones enable calls over radio frequencies while moving within service areas. Modern phones support text messaging, multimedia, and internet access. Feature phones offer basic features, while smartphones provide advanced computing power
Complete linear charger for single cell lithium-ion batteries in SOP-8 package. Programmable charge current up to 1000mA with external resistor. Fixed 4.2V charge voltage with 1.5% float voltage. No blocking diode required due to internal PMOSFET architecture. Thermal feedback regulates charge current during high power operation