Invented by Kumar Patel at Bell Labs in 1964. Produces infrared light with wavelengths between 9.6 and 10.6 micrometers. Contains 10-20% CO2, 10-20% N2, and various other gases. Output power to pump power ratio can reach up to 20%
Diffraction gratings create rainbow colors by diffracting light into different beams. Gratings can be reflective (ridges) or transmissive (slits). Grating equation relates spacing, incident angle, and diffraction order. Maximum diffraction occurs at twice the grating period
Electric arc is a prolonged electrical discharge through gas. Current through air produces plasma, which may emit visible light. Arc has lower voltage than glow discharge. Current density can reach one million amperes per square centimeter
First working ruby laser created by Ted Maiman at Hughes Labs in 1960. Maiman developed ruby laser from concept of optical maser. Pink ruby was initially considered but rejected due to energy requirements
Laser generates monochromatic, coherent, and collimated light beams. Lasers consist of energy source, gain medium, and resonator
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