Nonionic surfactant with polyethylene oxide chain and aromatic hydrocarbon group. Clear viscous fluid with viscosity of 270 cm³ at 25°C. Soluble in water and many organic solvents, insoluble in kerosene
Distilled water is purified by boiling and condensing water. Drinking water distilled from seawater since AD 200. Aristotle's Meteorologica mentions water distillation before AD 200
Filter paper is a semi-permeable barrier perpendicular to liquid/air flow. Made from various paper pulps including softwood, hardwood, and mineral fibers. Important parameters include wet strength, porosity, and particle retention
Litmus is a water-soluble mixture of dyes extracted from lichens. Word "litmus" comes from Old Norse for "moss used for dyeing". First used as pH indicator by Spanish physician Arnaldus de Villa Nova in 1300
Distilled water is purified through boiling and condensation of source water. Deionized water is made by passing water through electrically charged resins. Deionization removes ions but leaves molecular species and bacteria
White or yellowish-white crystalline powder with no odor. Melting point of 262.5°C. Density of 1.299 at 77°F. Soluble in water at 400mg/L