CCIT evaluates container closure systems' ability to maintain sterile barrier. Testing can be deterministic (less error) or probabilistic (more uncertainty). Methods include electrical conductivity, laser analysis, mass extraction, and vacuum decay
Newton's law states that every particle attracts every other particle with inverse square force. Hooke claimed Newton derived the law from him in 1686. Newton acknowledged Hooke's earlier work but denied deriving it from him. Newton's work was based on empirical observations and inductive reasoning
Every particle attracts every other particle with force proportional to masses and inversely proportional to distance squared. Law published in Principia Mathematica in 1687, first great unification of gravity and astronomy. Equation: F = Gm1m2r, where G is gravitational constant (6.674×10⁻¹¹ m³⋅kg⁻¹⋅s⁻²)
Net torque on wheel about axle calculated using force and radius. Two blocks connected by string over pulley with friction. Disk rotating on pivot reaches bottom faster than hoop. Sphere rolls faster than slides on incline