Emphysema is permanent enlargement of air spaces in body tissues. Most commonly affects lungs, causing permanent alveolar wall breakdown. Usually affects middle aged or older population. Can be caused by tobacco smoking or alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
NIV delivers breathing support through face, nasal mask or helmet. Air is given under positive pressure, alternating with breathing. Different from continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Bronchodilators dilate airways and increase airflow in respiratory system. Most useful in obstructive lung diseases like asthma and COPD. Can be natural or medication-based, usually inhaled
Budesonide is a corticosteroid used to treat various respiratory and digestive conditions. FDA approved in 1994 for treating asthma, COPD, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. Available as extended-release capsules, inhaled products, nasal spray, and rectal foam
Cor pulmonale is right ventricle enlargement due to increased lung pressure. Chronic disease causes right ventricular hypertrophy, acute causes dilatation. Disease must originate in pulmonary circulation system
COPD is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.5 million deaths in 2021. Nearly 90% of COPD deaths under 70 occur in low- and middle-income countries. Tobacco smoking accounts for over 70% of cases in high-income countries