Kidney failure occurs when kidneys can't filter waste products effectively. Acute failure develops rapidly and may resolve, chronic failure develops slowly. Acute causes include low blood pressure, medications, and muscle breakdown. Chronic causes include diabetes, high blood pressure, and polycystic kidney disease
Peritoneal dialysis uses abdominal peritoneum as membrane for fluid exchange. Removes excess fluid, corrects electrolyte problems and toxins in kidney failure. Better outcomes than hemodialysis during first two years. Requires technical skill and permanent abdominal tube
DSA visualizes blood vessels using contrast medium and subtraction technique. First described in 1935, practicalized with digital technology in 1970s. Contrast medium is injected into structures to create contrast images. Images appear pale grey background with dark grey blood vessels
Chronic renal failure is a long-term kidney disease affecting 15% of US adults. Condition develops gradually and is not reversible. Women and people of certain ethnic backgrounds are at higher risk
CKD is categorized into five stages based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Normal eGFR is 90 or above in most adults. eGFR calculation considers age, sex, height, weight, and ethnicity
CKD means kidneys can't filter blood properly over long periods. Kidneys filter water and wastes, balance minerals, and produce hormones. Disease can lead to kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplant