Konventional historiography misrepresents Black Sea's transformation as internationalization. Ottoman coal mining began in 1790s at Yedikumlar region. Ottoman-Russian naval expedition (1798-1800) faced multiple challenges. Ottoman-Russian relations during French Revolution were complex
Indigenous group living on Guajira Peninsula in Colombia and Venezuela. Population of approximately 144,003 in Colombia and 293,777 in Venezuela. Occupy 4,171 square miles across ten settlements
Founded in Bermuda in 1992 by Bema Gold entrepreneurs. Acquired Mexican mines La Colorada and La Trinidad in 1994-1998. Merged with HRC Developments in 1996 to form Eldorado Gold Corporation
World's northernmost settlement with over 1,000 inhabitants. Located along Adventfjorden, Spitsbergen's west coast. Established in 1906 by American John Munro Longyear for coal mining. Renamed Longyearbyen in 1926
Gold nuggets are naturally occurring pieces of native gold. Found in placer mining, residual deposits, and mining tailings. Formed deep underground at high temperatures. Often show abrasive polishing and contain quartz inclusions
Native copper found in Mediterranean area 6000 BC. Copper casting and smelting began around 4000-3500 BC. First copper mining occurred in Timna Valley, Israel. Romans and Moors developed advanced mining techniques