Endodontic diagnosis requires comprehensive examination and testing. Diagnosis cannot be made from single isolated information. Treatment should not be performed without proper diagnosis
Review examined micro-CT studies of mandibular first molar root anatomy. 30 studies met inclusion criteria after screening 1358 articles. Studies showed high anatomical variability in mandibular first molars
AH Plus is a paste-paste system delivered in tubes and new double barrel syringe. Contains 76% filler content with calcium tungstate and zirconium oxide. Uses patented epoxide amine chemistry with new amine components
Vertucci classification lacks root number and location information. System cannot differentiate between single- and double-rooted teeth. Inter-canal communications and apical canal bifurcations are difficult to classify
Vesalius first described tooth anatomy in 1543. Eustachi made significant contributions in 1563. Preiswerk and Fischer pioneered 3D root canal studies in 1903-1907. Modern research uses CT and 3D imaging technologies
Canals are obturated to block microbial entry and seal remaining irritants. Gutta Percha is preferred due to minimal toxicity and radiopaque properties. Sealers are used to fill irregularities and achieve impervious seal