Blood groups are determined by antigens on red blood cell surfaces. ABO system classifies blood into A, B, AB, and O types. Rh factor determines blood type as positive or negative
Blood transfusion involves transferring blood products intravenously to replace lost components. Modern transfusions use only red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and clotting factors. Whole blood is used in trauma settings
Exchange transfusion replaces patient's blood with donated blood or components. Can be performed manually or using machine (apheresis). Blood is removed and replaced in cycles lasting a few minutes. Catheters are placed in blood vessels for procedure
Blood plasma is a light amber-colored liquid containing proteins and other blood constituents. Makes up about 55% of total blood volume and is 95% water. Contains proteins, glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes, hormones, and oxygen. Has a density of approximately 1,025 kg/m³
Rh blood group contains proteins on red blood cell surface. System consists of over 50 antigens, with D, C, c, E, and e being most prominent. Rh(D) status described as positive (+) or negative (-) after ABO type. Two main nomenclature systems exist: Fisher-Race (CDE) and Wiener (Rh-Hr)
Adult male (200 lbs) has about 6 liters (12 pints) of blood. Adult female (165 lbs) has about 4.3 liters (9 pints) of blood. Blood volume varies by age, weight, and sex. Males have more lean body mass, females have more fat tissue