Proposed by Halford Mackinder in 1904 to explain global power balance. Divided world into Heartland, Inner Crescent, and Outer Crescent. Heartland controls Eastern Europe to Central Asia, crucial for global dominance. Heartland's strategic location and vast resources make it strategically important
BRI launched in 2013 as China's new geopolitical strategy. Initiative aims to promote connectivity between Asia, Europe and Africa. China has signed agreements with over 100 countries since 2013
Region extends from Caspian Sea to Mongolia, Afghanistan, and Russia. Characterized by elevated aridness and flat steppes. Contains major rivers like Amu Darya and Syr Darya. Climate is more severe due to lack of water buffer
Born in 1861 in Gainsborough, England, to a doctor. Studied at Oxford, specializing in zoology under Moseley. Became first principal of University Extension College, Reading (1892-1903)
Superpower describes dominant states with global influence through multiple dimensions. Term first applied to British Empire, Soviet Union, and US in 1944. Nicholas Spykman coined current political meaning in 1943 lectures
Eurasia is the combined continent of Europe and Asia. Name derived from Greek words "Eur" (Europe) and "asia" (Asia). Region spans 55 million square kilometers, covering 36% of Earth's land