Born in 1884 in Smyrna to a family of civil servants. Graduated from Ottoman Military Academy with military strategy training
Born in 1884 in Izmir to a family from Malatya and Bulgaria. Graduated from Military Academy in 1906, meeting Atatürk and other revolutionaries. Joined İttihat ve Terakki Party in 1908, leading secret organization
Turkey's Republic began with the establishment of the Republican People's Party (CHP). Atatürk repeatedly requested opposition parties to transition to multi-party democracy. The Progressive Republican Party was established in 1924 but dissolved after the Sheikh Said rebellion. The Liberal Republican Party was founded in 1930 but dissolved again. The country underwent extensive secular Westernization reforms
Born in 1884 in İzmir to a family of Turkish and Kurdish descent. Graduated from Imperial School of Military Engineering in 1904. Served as chief of staff during World War I and Turkish War of Independence. Commanded forces in First and Second Battles of İnönü