Homo sapiens emerged in Africa around 300,000 years ago. Earliest fossils found at Omo-Kibish (233,000-196,000 years ago) and Florisbad (259,000 years ago). Modern humans diverged from H. erectus lineage over 500,000 years ago. Recent Out-of-Africa expansion occurred 70,000-50,000 years ago
Melanism is congenital excess of melanin in organisms. Pseudomelanism shows dark spots or enlarged stripes. Melanosis is malignant black matter deposition causing tumors. Adaptive melanism improves camouflage in dark individuals
Tetrachromacy is the possession of four independent color channels or cone cells. Sensory color space is four-dimensional in tetrachromatic organisms. Common ancestor of all vertebrates was a tetrachromat
Regeneration enables organisms to repair and maintain their tissues after damage. Every species, from bacteria to humans, can regenerate. Regeneration can be complete or incomplete, depending on tissue type
Throwing involves mechanically accelerating and releasing projectiles into ballistic trajectories. Primates are the most active throwers, typically using feces as agonistic behavior. Humans are the most capable throwers, reaching speeds up to 145 km/h
Humans share many features with primates, including five-digit hands and muscular physiques. Nodal protein is crucial for human development and shared with snails. Modern science confirms all life is our kin through shared genetic material